Precious stones in films presentation. Project "Stones and their properties" project on the surrounding world (senior group) on the topic

Why does a person need a stone?

Stone has always been a necessary item in human life. Many thousands of years ago, primitive people used stone as a tool. They hunted animals with spears, to which they tied tips made of sharpened stones. Using stone knives, they dismembered the carcasses of killed animals into pieces. The stone could be used to grind cereal grains into flour and smooth skins. And people have long loved to decorate themselves and their clothes with shiny colored stones.

But not every stone has the right properties, such as hardness or beauty, to be used to make weapons or jewelry. Therefore, people searched, selected the stones they needed, and memorized them external signs, properties and gave them names. Day after day, year after year, from century to century, people collected information about stones, their origin, properties and methods of use and passed it on to their descendants. Currently, a large collection of stones has been collected. There are a lot of stones in nature. Science studies stones geology .

Mistress of underground wealth

He invites us into his kingdom.

The gates of the underground country are open,

Any treasures on the map

you will find.

Riddles malachite box

This is a yellowish stone. By hitting two of these stones against each other, sparks can be created. Ancient people used this stone to make weapons and household items.

Flint

This is a variegated stone. The stone got its name from the Greek word “jasper”. This gem is valued all over the world for its many colors. It has been known since ancient times. Primitive people They used this stone as a material for jewelry - rings and amulets.

Jasper

The stone got its name from the Latin word “granum”, which means “grain”. If you look closely at the stone, you can see that it is entirely made up of stone grains. And they are not only different in color, but also of different types.

Due to its beauty and hardness, this stone is widely used in construction.

Granite

This combustible stone heats up in the fire, fills with a red flame, hot, like fire, and burns itself.

For a long time, the fire-stone in the hearth of a person's home saved warmth in cold weather.

He learned to move the car with his combustible power. In order for the iron horse, the hard worker locomotive, to run along the rails, it is necessary to feed the fire-breathing horse. What do they feed him? Fire-stone! Locomotive furnaces are loaded with flammable stones, and the locomotive carries people and cargo to cities and distant countries.

People have learned to convert the fiery warmth of the firestone into electricity. Burn brightly, light bulb! And the electric lamps in our homes glow no worse than the fabulous feathers of the firebird.

Heat-stone, light-stone, but he looks modest, you can’t tell that he has so much warmth and light hidden in him.

Can you guess what kind of stone this is?

Coal

Once upon a time there lived in the ancient sea-ocean small creatures - crustaceans, sea snails and other small people. Were there many of them in the sea-ocean? And as in a cloud of drops. Just living clouds made of living droplets. And by the way, each living snail drop has its own shell house. And the whole ocean was full of these living clouds, like the sky before the rain.

Indeed, it was “raining” from shells that had outlived their useful life to the bottom of the sea. This shower of shells continued for thousands of years without a break. And along with the shells, skeletons of various sea creatures, shells of crustaceans, and fragments of buildings made by small sea inhabitants sank to the bottom. All this is mixed and caked under water at the very real stone. Because all this building material for stone is compressed by heavy layers of water.

Years, centuries, millennia passed, and where there was once a seabed, there is now dry land. After all, the surface of our planet is constantly in motion - rising, falling, gathering into huge folds.

It just happens very slowly. Hundreds of millions of years ago, a thick blanket of shells covered the seabed, and today we can travel over mountains that are entirely made of white stone.

Limestone

This stone is used for writing on blackboards in school, in the pharmaceutical industry it is used to make tablets, and it is used to make tooth powder.

There is a riddle: “He will be born in water, but he is afraid of water.” And I don’t advise you to put this stone in water if you want to preserve it. It can get wet and crumble into hundreds of pebbles and grains of sand when you decide to wash it. If you had left it in the water longer, it would have disappeared completely, this stone lump consisting of sticky white salty grains would have melted...

Is salt really a stone? – you ask. Salt is the real stone. Grains of river sand are tiny pebbles, and grains of salt are also very small pebbles. And there are also quite large, whole blocks of rock salt.

Salt

What will happen if one of the stones is thrown into the water?

But among the ten there is one who neither burns in fire nor drowns in water. And it doesn’t sink because it’s light, like foam. He is actually stone foam. She was carried to the surface of the earth by the hot waves of a fiery river. Indeed, under the thickness of the earth, in the depths of our planet, a fiery ocean boils and rages, so hot that the most persistent and stubborn stones melt in it. Along with these flows comes hot stone foam. Having cooled, it turns into a light brown stone, spongy like bread and rough like a grater. And its name is similar to the word “foam”.

Pumice

This stone is most often golden yellow in color. This is the fossilized resin of ancient coniferous trees. Sometimes you can see the remains of plants and insects in it. Rings, earrings, beads and other jewelry are made from this stone.

Amber

Loose, flowing rock. Its parts are poorly bonded to each other. Easily allows water to pass through.

There is a lot of this rock in river beds.

Sand

And a stone whistle, and a huge stone house, and a warm village stove, and dishes of rare beauty - all these “pies” baked from the same stone dough. Amazing dough! It loves both fire and water equally. It mixes well in water and becomes soft and pliable. You can make a simple brick from it, an intricate figurine, or elegant dishes - such a soft stone. But put a product made from this dough into the fire - it will not burn or crumble, but, on the contrary, it will only become stronger. Even if you build a house out of it, it will stand for a thousand years.

And then water is not scary for him - neither river nor sea salt. From the bottom of the sea, scientists are raising ancient vases - amphoras made from this stone. For several thousand years they lay on seabed, but they themselves are intact, and the drawing on them is like new.

I see that you yourself have guessed what kind of soft stone we are talking about.

Clay

Those stones that we just met were born when there was not a single person on Earth. And once upon a time the Earth was an uninhabited stone desert. But, as you yourself understand, if there were no people on Earth, but these stones already existed, it means that they were created not by man, but by nature. We can say about stone that it is the very first creation of nature.

So, natural stone substances that arose in the depths of the earth and ocean, stones born in the workshop of nature, are called minerals. The ancient Latin word "mina" means "mine". Minerals- These are stone substances created by nature that we mine in the earth.

But there are stones in the world that were made not in the workshop of Mother Nature, but in the workshop of man. This artificial, man-made stones that people create for all sorts of useful and very important things. Artificial stones are similar to natural ones. Sometimes they are made from processed minerals, adding or, conversely, removing something. And the result is a new stone, the likes of which cannot be found in nature.

There are three artificial stones - brick, glass, concrete - three pillars (the foundation) on which all the cities of our planet rest. Remember, brick, glass and concrete are the three main building blocks. If they suddenly disappeared from the face of the Earth, there would not be a single city left on our planet.

About brick , I think there is no need to tell you. You know that many houses are built of brick.

Everyone also knows that windows are the eyes of houses. And that the windows through which light enters the houses glass , everyone knows.

If houses are built from bricks, as if from small cubes, then concrete allows builders to sculpt houses out of stone. After all, concrete, while it is liquid, like sour cream, can be given any shape. The gray viscous solution - a mixture of cement, sand, gravel - hardens and turns into stone. Pour concrete into round shape- and you get a round stone; if you put liquid concrete in a shape that resembles, say, a flower, you get a stone flower. There is room for an architect's imagination to run wild.

Artificial “stones” are also called ceramics and porcelain.

Ceramics – products made of baked clay.

Porcelain – products made of white clay with the addition of other substances.

Stones - gems

People have always valued stones for their beauty, rarity, durability and loved stone jewelry. In ancient times, these were beads made of multi-colored stones on a string. In Rus', such stones were called gems. Later, master jewelers began to create jewelry from precious stones.

Ruby

In the old days in Rus' they were called yachts. Due to its high hardness and color. Rubin was credited unique properties. It not only served as an expensive decoration, but also protected against leprosy, fever, plague, and epilepsy. Ruby was sometimes used to make seals that were attached to rings.

Emerald

In Russia, the largest emerald deposits were discovered in the Urals. IN Ancient Egypt They believed that emerald protected the hearth and contributed to the well-being of the family.

Topaz

The color of topazes is very diverse - yellow, pink, blue, violet-red. Not far from the village of Murzinka in the Urals, unique deposits of gems were found, including topaz. Jewelry topaz is used to make jewelry.

Diamond

Diamond is the king of gems. It is the hardest and has the strongest shine. A diamond crystal artificially cut by a jeweler is called a diamond. Diamond is very widely used in jewelry. It was inserted into royal crowns, snuff boxes and orders, and sewn onto suits and hats. In Russia, diamonds are mined in Yakutia and the Urals.

Sapphire

Sapphires are highly valued and are comparable in value to diamond, emerald and ruby. Sapphires were used to decorate the crowns of kings and royal robes.

This stone is cold and clean. During long journeys it was put into the mouth to quench thirst.

Do you know who these items belonged to and what they are called?

Look in the reference book (p. 92) what the words “scepter” and “power” mean.

Scepter – a sign of royal power, a rod (short stick) with precious stones and carvings.

Power - a sign of royal power, a golden ball with a cross on top.

Prepared the presentation

Elfimova Natalia Alexandrovna

primary school teacher

MBOU secondary school "No. 58" named after. G.D. Kurnakova, Ulyanovsk

The world around us It's interesting to know Its secrets and mysteries We're ready to solve it!

Subject:

"In the world of stones"

COLLECTION - a collection of some objects

Learning task:

find information

about unfamiliar stones.

Name

Granite

Color

Strength

Coal

Pink, red, gray with black speckles.

Flint

Special saints

Very durable and solid.

Black shiny.

Usage

Hard, but fragile, itchy.

Rock salt

Consists of grains of different sizes.

Yellowish with alternating dark and light stripes.

Burns well.

White, gray.

Construction of foundations, embankments, roads, finishing of metro stations.

For heating residential premises, manufacturing plastics, medicines.

Solid, but itchy.

Pumice

When two stones rub together, sparks can be created.

Amber

Hard, but easy to prick and crumble.

Dissolves in water.

Light brown.

For grinding and polishing products, such as semi-precious stones, in lighters.

Jasper

When writing, it leaves a mark on the surface.

For cooking.

Hard and rough.

Golden yellow.

In construction, in the manufacture of crayons.

Peat

Grayish-green or red-blue, etc.

Porous (like a sponge), lightweight, does not sink in water.

Sometimes you can see the remains of plants and insects in it.

Solid, durable.

For grinding and polishing products, as a hygienic product.

Dark brown with plant remains.

For making jewelry: beads, rings, earrings.

Hard, but crumbles easily.

With fancy stains and patterns.

As an ornamental stone: for making boxes, vases, snuff boxes.

Burns well.

As fuel and fertilizer.

Work plan : 1. Determine the color of the stone (use a magnifying glass). 2. Test the stone for strength (try to break it). 3. Read the table about the special properties of the stone, check them if you can. 4. Find out where the stone is used. 5. Read the name of the stone.

Granite

Granite is a rock consisting of grains of several minerals. Basically it's feldspar, quartz and mica

Granite

Mica

Feldspar

Quartz

This is a type of limestone. It was formed from the remains of tiny marine organisms that can only be seen under a microscope.

Flint

In ancient times, flint shards were used to make fire. Ancient people used flint to make weapons and household items (arrowheads, flint knives, etc.)

Rock salt

(The mineral halite) is the same salt that we add to food.

Jasper

Semi-precious ornamental stone. The most famous Russian deposits ornamental jasper are located in the South Ural , in Altai. In ancient times, gloves were made from jasper and amulets , supposedly protecting against visual impairment and drought . Nowadays it is a popular material for artistic stone-cutting products and stone mosaics.

Peat

Fossil fuel. It is not difficult to recognize: the remains of the plants from which it was formed are clearly visible in it.

Coal

Black shiny stone. It burns well and produces a lot of heat. That's why people use it as fuel.

Pumice

Lightweight light brown stone. Outwardly, it looks like a sponge, but it is hard and rough, like a grater.

Natural stones -

These are rocks and minerals that are mined from the bowels of the Earth and its surface. They are used on the farm.

• Porcelain
• Ceramics
• Glass
• Brick
• Concrete

GAME “Guess it!”

What natural stone are we talking about?

The white pebble melted Left marks on the board

Very durable and elastic A reliable friend for builders. Houses, steps, pedestals They will become beautiful and noticeable

GRANITE

He carries in the house is warm, It's light all around, Helps melt steel Making paints and enamels. It's black and shiny The assistant is real

Coal

Plants grew in the swamp, Became fuel and fertilizer

PEAT

Learning task:

find information

about unfamiliar stones.

Reflection on learning activities

1. During the lesson I learned...

2. I was interested...

3. It was difficult for me...

4. I liked...

• Our planet, folded and built mainly from hard rocks, gives us either a variegated piece of granite, or yellow-brown flint, or a black transparent plate of mica...
• The word “stones” refers to a variety of minerals and rocks.

• granite

• flint

• mica

• Minerals are natural substances.
• Rocks are natural compounds of minerals

• lazulite

• calcite

• Igneous rocks

• Metamorphic rocks

• Sedimentary rocks

• Flint is often found in nature, usually in the form of nodules covered on the outside with a whitish crust. It itself comes in different colors - brown, yellow, gray and even black.
• Primitive people made their tools of labor and hunting from it - axes, scrapers, knives, arrowheads and spears.

• Pumice is a lightweight, porous stone that looks like a sponge.
• Pumice is fossilized lava foam.

• Rock salt is the salt we add to food.
• In natural underground deposits it occurs in the form of stone.
• Very beautiful rock salt crystals

• Granite comes in gray, pink, and red colors.
• Granite is a rock consisting of grains of several minerals. Basically it's feldspar, quartz and mica
• Colored grains are feldspar, translucent, sparkling grains are quartz, black grains are mica. “Grain” in Latin is “granum”.

• Peat is not difficult to recognize: the remains of the plants from which it was formed are clearly visible in it.
• The main plant that forms peat is peat moss (sphagnum).

• Brown coal is peat that has formed and compacted over time.

• Brown coal mining

• Plants that lived on Earth many millions of years ago left us a legacy of deposits of coal, much denser than brown coal, black with a slight shine

• Limestone is usually a white or gray stone. It was formed from the remains of very tiny and larger marine organisms. Limestone is a rock. The substance (mineral) from which it is composed is called calcite, from the Latin word “calx” - lime.

• Limestone deposits in the Yeletsk district of the Lipetsk region

• Marble is a modified limestone.
• Marble consists of calcite and various impurities. Which give it a variety of colors.
• Its name comes from a Greek word that means "brilliant."

• Malachite is a green mineral with a very beautiful pattern.
• The copper it contains gives it its green color.

• Coral is a stone created by living beings.
• This is the skeleton of marine animals - coral polyps that inhabit warm tropical seas. Corals are very diverse in shape and color.

• Amber is the fossilized resin of ancient coniferous trees.
• Insects can often be found in amber.
• The color of amber ranges from pale yellow to red-brown.

Slide 1

Completed by: Irina Muravyova, 10th grade student

PRECIOUS STONES

Slide 2

1. Gems- Diamond - Emerald - Ruby - Sapphire - Alexandrite - Topaz - Aquamarine - Amethyst - Garnet - Turquoise - Peridot - Moonstone - Pearl

2. Semi-precious and ornamental stones - Jadeite - Amber - Opal - Agate - cat's eye- Onyx - Carnelian 3. Jewelry

Slide 3

Gems

Diamond Emerald Ruby Sapphire Alexandrite Topaz Aquamarine Amethyst Garnet Turquoise Peridot Moonstone Pearl

Slide 4

DIAMOND – “the one that does not break”

The play of colors and brilliance of a diamond are beautiful, but its most remarkable properties are its hardness and chemical resistance. Diamond is a crystalline modification of pure carbon, formed in the deep interior of the Earth, in the upper mantle at depths of more than 80-100 kilometers, at exceptionally high pressure and temperature.

Slide 5

A little history...

The largest diamond found was named "Cullinan". Its weight was 3106 carats (or 621g), and was presented to the English King Edward VII. During processing it was split into 105 parts.

Slide 6

During the Spanish conquest of the New World in one of the temples modern Peru the emerald was kept almost the size of an ostrich egg, i.e. 16-18 cm along the long axis and weighing, apparently, about 3 kg. The stone was considered the embodiment of the goddess Umina and was an object of worship. The Spaniards failed to capture the emerald; the priests of the temple hid it so well that it has not yet been found.

Slide 7

Ruby is aluminum oxide with an admixture of chromium. One of the oldest written references to ruby ​​is contained in Indian texts dating back to 2300 BC, where it is called the “king of precious stones”, “leader of gems”.

Ruby is a type of the mineral corundum. The largest known ruby ​​weighs 459 g (2475 carats).

Slide 8

Sapphire is aluminum oxide with an admixture of titanium and iron. Sapphire, azure yakhont, blue yakhont are a variety of corundum. The name comes from the Sanskrit Sanipruya, which means "loved by the planet Saturn." The largest include: a deep blue sapphire from Sri Lanka weighing 258.18 carats, inserted into a brooch (Russian Diamond Fund), a blue star sapphire “Star of Asia” weighing 360 carats - in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution (USA); also a giant uncut sapphire from Myanmar weighing 63,000 carats (about 12.5 kg). Three sapphires weighing 2302, 1997 and 2097 carats bear carved portraits of American presidents A. Lincoln, J. Washington and D. Eisenhower.

Slide 9

Alexandrite is a jewelry variety of chrysoberyl, the name was given in the 19th century. named after the heir to the throne, the future Tsar Alexander II (1818-1881). Alexandrites are extremely highly valued by jewelers. This applies primarily to large, clean specimens of intense green and bluish-green color, as well as stones that give the effect of a cat's eye or are opalescent. The weight of the set stones ranges from 1-5 carats.

Alexandrite

Slide 10

Ladies, who do not disdain large diamonds even during the day, often frown at the word topaz - it seems too accessible to them. And in vain: the color range of topaz is worthy of an artist’s palette, and with a good cut it is so good that it deserves closer attention and respect.

after the ancient name of the island Topazos.

Slide 11

A type of beryl mineral. The name aquamarine comes from the Latin aqua marina - “ sea ​​water", as the color of the stone resembles warm tropical seas. Once upon a time, aquamarines were used to decorate royal crowns, and they were also used as lenses for glasses (the first lenses date back to 1300). It is believed that aquamarine is able to tame the raging sea. This is a talisman of true love, protecting friendship and preserving justice.

Aquamarine

Slide 12

Amethyst is a type of quartz. The color is due to the structural admixture of Fe. In China, bottles and small boxes were cut out of light amethysts. In Ancient Greece and Rome, gems, signets and small items were cut out of amethyst. In the Middle Ages, amethyst was highly valued in the East and Europe, where it was considered preferable for decorating church items and priestly clothing. The giant amethyst is kept in Washington - its weight is 1362 carats. The stone was credited with the ability to protect a person from intoxication, and its name translated from Greek means “free from intoxication”, “non-drinker”.

Slide 13

A unique red pyrope garnet, the size of a pigeon egg, is kept in the museum of the Czech city of Trebnice. There is also the famous garnet set - a necklace, two bracelets, a belt buckle, earrings and a ring - containing 460 garnets, unique in beauty and size (the largest of them has a diameter of 12.3 mm). These jewelry were made by Czech jewelers for 18-year-old Ulrike von Levetzow, with whom 73-year-old Goethe was desperately in love.

Garnet is a group of minerals including isostructural and largely isomorphic island silicates. The name (from the Latin granatum - “pomegranate”) was received due to the similarity of the stones with pomegranate seeds.

Slide 14

Turquoise has been used since ancient times - rough stones of the Aztecs, jewelry with turquoise from the tombs of Egyptian pharaohs, stone-cutting crafts of Chinese craftsmen, magnificent turquoise jewelry of the peoples of Asia - and to the present day.

Slide 15

Chrysolite is a transparent variety of the mineral olivine - a silicate of iron and magnesium. The word “chrysolite” (that is, “golden stone”; Greek chrysos - “golden”) existed already in ancient times. It is found in ancient texts dating back to the 3rd century. BC e. Sometimes the stone is called the evening emerald, because under artificial light the yellow tint disappears, and the stone appears pure green. Beautiful, faceted chrysolite is one of the regalia of the Russian crown.

Chrysolite

Slide 16

Moonstones are nature's jewels, with a sensual, seductive charm. Soft shimmer that makes moonstone so desirable in the best possible way appears when wearing these stones.

Moonstone

Slide 17

Pearls were first found over 6,000 years ago and were very popular in Egypt. The color of pearls is white, but with different shades: blue, pink, gold, silver, green, black, rainbow. The depths of the sea are considered to be the source of pearls. Pearls are considered a symbol of power, wisdom, happiness and beautiful dreams. Pearls strengthen fidelity in love and also promote the development of the mind and thoughts. Pearls should not be given as a gift.

Slide 18

Semi-precious and ornamental stones

Jadeite Amber Opal Agate Cat's Eye Onyx Carnelian

Slide 19

Jadeite together with jade are combined into a group called “jad”. It is a very durable ornamental stone. Since ancient times it has been used as a material for jewelry, religious and artistic crafts, as a talisman.

According to the Chinese, jadeite (jade) was the harbinger of all precious stones and symbolized the five cardinal virtues: mercy, modesty, courage, justice and wisdom. More than 2000 years ago in China, jade was widely used to make cult attributes - sacred figurines and other ritual objects, as well as insignia and various symbols of state power. Thanks to its excellent decorative qualities and the possibility of mirror polishing, jadeite is a high-class jewelry and ornamental stone.

Slide 20

Amber, (Bernstein) - from the ancient German burnen - “to burn”, petrified resin of coniferous trees. Since ancient times, jewelry has been made from amber, clothing, magical equipment, and liturgical utensils have been trimmed with it. In antiquity, it was believed that amber was the creation of the Sun God. The “amber room” was a wonderful work of art.

Slide 2

Granite is the most durable natural stone from all rocks. Even in ancient times, people built fortifications, impregnable walls and castles from granite. Nowadays, stone is widely used in construction and cladding of buildings.

Slide 3

Extraction of stone in a quarry

Slide 4

Stone processing

Slide 5

Limestone is a widespread, pliable rock, easy to work with, but quite strong, despite its ability to dissolve. In the Middle Ages in Europe, numerous cities surrounded by fortification walls, including famous architectural monuments, were built from limestone.

Slide 6

Marble, a type of limestone, is the most popular building mineral in human history; it has been used as a construction and finishing material since ancient times. Marble has been used in sculpture and architecture for thousands of years. In Ancient Greece and Rome, statues were carved from it and temples were built, which have survived to varying degrees to this day. Moscow metro

Slide 7

Gems