The expectant mother is usually informed about the position of the fetus when there is very little time left before birth. As is known, throughout the entire period intrauterine development The baby is quite active. He smiles, frowns, moves his arms, legs and can even roll over. But until the baby is large enough to take a stable position in the uterus, it is difficult to predict exactly how it will be born. But closer to childbirth, when the baby is finally formed, grows and gains normal weight, it stops in a certain position, in which it is born.

There are two options for fetal presentation - cephalic and pelvic. Head presentation, when the baby presses its head against the opening of the uterus, is, of course, preferable. Since during the birth process, it is the large head that will go first, and the rest of the body behind it, experiencing less stress and experiencing a lower risk of birth injuries. Breech presentation is considered more dangerous. Since if childbirth is carried out incorrectly, the risk of injury to the child increases significantly, and the onset of severe consequences for a woman in labor.

There are the following types of breech presentation:

  • foot, when one or two straightened legs of the child approach the entrance to the pelvis
  • knee, when the baby’s bent knees are directed towards the entrance to the pelvis
  • gluteal, when the buttocks are present at the entrance to the pelvis. In this case, the legs can be bent at the knees and also be located next to the buttocks, or bent at the knees and extended along the body. It is breech presentation that occurs in most cases.

Another abnormal position of the fetus, which some women in labor are diagnosed with during examination, is transverse. In this case, the baby's head and legs are located in the lateral sections of the uterus. The shoulder and hand are located at the exit from the uterus. This is the most bad option, in which they do it in 100% of cases. In all other cases, the tactics of labor management are determined based on the condition of the mother and child, as well as depending on the characteristics of the pregnancy.

Causes of fetal malposition

There can be many reasons why incorrect positions and fetal presentation occur. Most often this occurs with polyhydramnios, when an excess amount of fluid gives the child the opportunity to actively move, preventing him from being fixed in a normal position. Twins and triplets are also often born in the wrong position. It’s good if at least the first child walks head first, but often all the children are positioned incorrectly. Also quite common are the causes of abnormal fetal position, such as a narrow pelvis, placenta previa, pathologies of fetal development, prematurity, insufficient weight of the child (less than 2500 grams), abnormalities in the structure of the uterus, bicornuate uterus, tumors of the uterus or appendages, decreased tone uterus and weak anterior muscles abdominal wall. Often problems with fetal fixation occur when repeat pregnancy when the abdominal muscles have already been stretched previously and have not regained their elasticity. Heredity is also a serious risk factor. If a mother was born in a breech position, the chances of repeating the same situation with her own baby increase significantly.

Gymnastics for abnormal fetal position

If during an ultrasound at 30 weeks of pregnancy you were told that the baby was lying incorrectly, you should not be upset. According to statistics, 90% of babies manage to change their position to a more comfortable cephalic presentation before birth. Although about 3% of children are still born in a breech position. Therefore, after 32 weeks of pregnancy, doctors recommend that expectant mothers perform special exercises if the fetus is in an abnormal position. A woman should lie down on a hard sofa or rug and lie on one side for 10 minutes, then she should turn over and spend 10 minutes on the other side. Then the exercise is repeated 2-3 more times. This should be done several times a day, and within 1-2 weeks you can expect results. It is also very useful to lie with your legs and lower back elevated on pillows. You can spend 10-15 minutes in this position after breakfast, lunch and dinner. But before eating, expectant mothers are recommended to stand in a knee-elbow position, also with the pelvis raised up. The logic of the exercises is to place the child in an uncomfortable position with his head down, and thereby stimulate him to roll over and press against the entrance to the pelvis. For the same reason, pregnant women are recommended to sleep on the side where the fetal head is located. The baby will feel discomfort and try to roll over. In addition, as you know, it is very useful for all expectant mothers swimming and water aerobics. With breech presentation it is doubly useful.

The effectiveness of these exercises is 70-90%. That is, the result is usually always positive. But there are cases when gymnastics with an incorrect position of the fetus is strictly contraindicated. Therefore, any actions must be previously agreed with the doctor. A doctor may prohibit a pregnant woman from performing exercises if she has been diagnosed with: placenta previa, uterine fibroids, other serious diseases not related to the reproductive system, and also if she has scars on her uterus from previous operations. If there are no contraindications to gymnastics, it can also be done for preventive purposes. In addition, some mothers additionally turn to various techniques alternative medicine such as reflexology, light therapy and music therapy. It is believed that even while in the womb, the child already reacts to light and sound. Therefore, some parents bring a light source, as well as a player with light, pleasant music to the lower abdomen to encourage the baby to move his head closer to the pelvis. This is not only very cute, but extremely useful. After all, the more naturally the child turns into the correct position, the safer and easier it is for him and for the mother.

The correct positioning of the baby in the uterine cavity is critical for the baby's intrauterine development and birth. But which position should be considered correct? What types of pathological locations of the fetus are there? And is it possible to somehow correct the position of the child in the uterus? What are the consequences of fetal malposition for the fetus and the mother?

Definitions

  • Fetal position- this is the ratio of a line drawn through the crown of the head, spine and pelvis to the longitudinal axis of the uterus, passing through the cervical canal and the fundus of the uterus.
  • Fetal presentation- this is the relationship of the part of the child’s body adjacent to the exit from the uterus to the entrance to the female pelvis.

Types of fetal position

There are several types of placement of the baby in the uterine cavity:

1. Longitudinal (accounts for 99% of cases) – in this case the longitudinal axis of the child’s body and the longitudinal axis of the uterus coincide;

2. transverse – the axis of the fetus intersects the longitudinal axis of the uterus at a right angle; in this case, the baby’s head is located above the plane formed by the crests of the iliac bones;

3. oblique - in this case the axes of the fetus and uterus form an angle of less than 45°, and the head or pelvis of the child is located above the line of the iliac crests.

The longitudinal position of the fetus is physiological and favors the passage of the child through the natural birth canal.

The remaining positions of the baby often require delivery via cesarean section.

Unstable fetal position- when in a short time the child can repeatedly change its location in the uterine cavity.

Types of fetal presentations

There are two main types of presentation with various options each:

I. Head:

  1. occipital – the most physiological option, found in most cases; labor proceeds normally; the child’s chin is pressed to the chest, and the back of the head is directed towards the exit from the pelvis;
  2. anterior-cephalic - the fetal head is directed towards the exit of the uterus by a large fontanel. In this case, natural childbirth is possible in the vast majority of cases, but the risk of birth trauma for the newborn and the woman in labor increases;
  3. frontal - is one of the most unfavorable, as it creates the prerequisites for the formation of malformations of the face and skull;
  4. facial - in this case, the baby’s head is fully extended in the cervical region, and since the bones of the facial skeleton cannot move as well during the passage of the birth canal as the bones of the skull, this creates conditions for birth trauma;

II.Pelvic:

  1. pure gluteal - the straightened legs of the fetus are bent at the hip joint and brought to the stomach;
  2. mixed gluteal – the child’s legs are bent at the knee and hip joints;
  3. foot - one or both legs are straightened at the hip and knee joints, and one of the legs is adjacent to the exit from the uterine cavity.

Causes of incorrect position and presentation

Various unfavorable factors can lead to the development of abnormal position or presentation of the fetus:

Dangers to baby and mother

Incorrect position and presentation pose a danger mainly to the fetus and in some cases can lead to the death of the baby. The main consequences of this pathology are:

  1. premature effusion amniotic fluid, entailing weakness of labor, convulsive contractions of the uterus, which disrupts the flow of blood from mother to fetus, as a result of which the child suffers from oxygen starvation;
  2. loss of umbilical cord loops;
  3. loss of the handle, which can lead to injury to the brachial plexus and the development of obstetric paralysis and damage to the cervical spinal cord;
  4. prolapse of the leg, which sometimes leads to hip dislocation;
  5. cephalic anomalous presentation is dangerous in terms of birth injury to the brain;
  6. facial presentation can be complicated by damage to the facial nerve and, as a consequence, paralysis of the facial muscles;
  7. Two situations stand out in particular, in most cases ending in the death of the baby:

a) self-inversion is a phenomenon in which the shoulder, driven into the outlet of the uterus, is born first, then the pelvis, torso, and only lastly - the head;

b) birth with a double body - in this case, the impacted shoulder is first born, after which there is a sharp flexion of the head and torso in the thoracic spine; the head is pressed to the chest and stomach; then the chest and neck emerge from the uterus, then the head and abdomen; the pelvis and legs are the last to be born.

For women, the most serious complication is uterine rupture. In this case, bleeding, inflammation and sepsis can occur. These complications often lead to the death of the mother in labor.

Diagnostics

Diagnosis of fetal malposition possible based on the results of an external obstetric examination. In this case, the configuration of the abdomen is oblique-oval or transverse, the head and pelvis are determined in the lateral parts of the uterus, the fundus of the uterus is located lower than it should be at this stage of pregnancy. But the main place in the diagnosis of this pathology is occupied by ultrasound.

External obstetric examination

Ultrasound with a transverse fetal position

In diagnostics malpresentation of the fetus Ultrasound diagnostics also plays a major role. But no less important information A vaginal examination may provide So, with a facial presentation, it is possible to determine the nose, chin and other parts of the baby’s face.

Is it possible to independently change the position of the fetus?

Before using these exercises, it is strongly recommended to consult a doctor!

In some cases, by physical exercise it is possible to correct the position of the fetus in the uterus. Below is one of the possible sets of exercises:

Exercise No. 1 (“Good cat – evil cat”). Starting position – standing on all fours with emphasis on the palms or forearms. As you inhale, bend at the lower back. As you exhale, arch your back. Movements are performed at a slow pace. Quantity – 10-12 times.

Exercise No. 2. Starting position - lying on your back, legs bent, feet resting against the wall. Slightly raise your pelvis so that it is slightly higher than your head. Place a pillow under your buttocks. The exercise is performed in static mode. It should be performed until minimal discomfort appears in the lower back.

Exercise No. 3. Starting position – lying on your back. Roll onto your right side, stay in the position on your side with slightly bent legs motionless for 30-40 seconds, then roll onto your left side, freeze in a similar position for 30-40 seconds. Repeat 3-4 times.

Exercise No. 4. Starting position - lying on your back, legs bent at the knees and hip joints, heels as close as possible to the buttocks. Rotate the pelvis right side, fix the position of the body for 15-20 seconds, then slowly turn the pelvis to the left side, fix the position for 15-20 seconds. Repeat the exercise 5-6 times.

Obstetric turn

In transverse and oblique positions of the fetus, as well as in breech presentations, a special procedure may be required - obstetric rotation. The essence of this intervention comes down to moving the fetus to a physiological position through the directed influence of the obstetrician’s hands on various parts of the fetus.

There are two main types of this procedure:

1. External obstetric turn

2. External-internal obstetric rotation of the leg; this technique is used during childbirth

Childbirth

Currently, there is a steady trend according to which the only correct method of managing labor in case of abnormal positions and presentations of the fetus. This can significantly reduce the risk of injury for both the baby and the mother in labor.

Childbirth through the birth canal is indicated only in case of polyhydramnios, transverse position of the second fetus (of twins), or a dead fetus.

Conclusion

Incorrect position or presentation of the fetus is a serious situation that requires close attention from doctors. But with competent and timely medical care, in most cases it is possible to save the life and health of both the child and the mother.

The doctor may say that the baby is “poorly positioned” or “malpresented.” What's the difference? “Position” is the placement of the fetus relative to the long axis of the uterus: along, across, obliquely. “Previa” indicates that part of the baby’s body that is closest to the “exit”.

The ideal position of the baby in the uterus is longitudinal with an occipital presentation, that is, head down, with the chin pressed tightly to the chest. This is a physiological position, thought out by nature, when the risk of injury to the baby and mother during childbirth is minimal. And it occurs most often.

Incorrect position or presentation of the fetus is observed in approximately 3.5-6% of cases. The most common of the “non-standard” options is breech, leg or breech. There is a facial presentation: the baby's head is thrown back, and it is not the back of the head that appears first, but the face. The most difficult case from the point of view of obstetricians is the transverse or oblique position of the fetus in the uterus.

Some women, whose baby was “sitting on the butt” or “lying across” during their first pregnancy, are afraid: what if the same thing happens next time? But it is important to understand that the incorrect positioning of the child is a feature of the course of a particular pregnancy and has nothing to do with subsequent ones.

Why me? Possible causes of presentation

This question worries every mother whose baby is settled in her stomach “not the way it should be.” There are several possible reasons.

  • Pathological hypertonicity of the lower segment of the uterus and decreased tone of its upper sections. The fetal head is pushed away from the entrance to the pelvis and takes a position in the upper part of the uterus. This happens after inflammatory processes, repeated curettage, multiple pregnancies, complicated childbirth, with a scar on the uterus after a cesarean section.
  • Features of fetal behavior and development, for example increased mobility due to polyhydramnios, small size heads, prematurity.
  • Structural features and anomalies of the uterus and pelvis: bicornuate, saddle-shaped uterus, the presence of septa or fibroids in the uterus, anatomical narrowing or abnormal shape of the pelvis.
  • Restriction of fetal mobility: entanglement with the umbilical cord, etc.

Usually the position of the baby in the uterus is fixed to. All these reasons only increase the risk that by this time the child will remain in the wrong position, but they cannot be considered a “final verdict”.

Waiting for hour "X"

During a routine examination, the doctor, even without the use of technology, is able to approximately determine the position of the baby in the tummy: head down or butt. The diagnosis is clarified using ultrasound examination, simple and three-dimensional echography. Early diagnosis of the species malpresentation will allow you to develop a corrective program or prepare for natural childbirth with an incorrect position or cesarean section according to indications, which will protect you from many injuries and complications.

The baby can be in any position. He has plenty of room for a life-changing acrobatic flip and preparation for birth. Sometimes, causing mommy and doctors to worry, the baby turns over just before the contractions begin, and sometimes even with their onset.

"Coup" plan

If your due date is approaching and your baby is still in the wrong position, don't panic. You should never panic at all, especially if you are pregnant. There is an action plan!

Step 1. Corrective gymnastics...

Will help “persuade” the baby to take correct position before childbirth. It is carried out after 24 weeks or at certain times in the third trimester. General contraindications to any set of exercises: pregnancy,. But there are other features of pregnancy in which doing gymnastics can be dangerous. Before performing any (!) exercises, be sure to consult your doctor!

With breech presentation

  1. Lie on your side, but not on a soft surface. Lie on one side for 10 minutes, turn to the other, lie down for another 10 minutes. Turn from side to side 3-4 times. Such simple exercises should be performed 2-3 times during the day.
  2. Lie on your back with your pelvis raised. To do this, place pillows under your legs and lower back. The legs should be 20-30 cm above the head. You can spend 10-15 minutes in this position 2-3 times a day.
  3. Take a knee-elbow position. Stay like this for 15-20 minutes. Repeat 2-3 times a day.

What's happening: When performing such exercises, it is stimulated motor activity the fetus and it gets more room to turn.

In transverse (oblique) position

  1. Lie on your side in accordance with the position of the fetus: the head on the left - on the right side, on the right - on the left. The legs are bent at the knee and hip joints. Lie down for 5 minutes.
  2. Take a deep breath, turn to the opposite side. Lie down for 5 minutes.
  3. Straighten the leg (in the 1st position - the right one, in the 2nd position - the left one), the other leg remains bent.
  4. Grab your knee with your hands and move it to the side opposite to the position of the fetus. Bend your torso forward. With your bent leg, describe a semicircle, touching the anterior abdominal wall, take a deep, extended exhalation and, relaxing, straighten and lower your leg.

What's happening: A slight mechanical “pushing” of the baby by the muscles into the correct position.

Step 2: Additional steps

  1. In the transverse position, it is recommended to sleep on the side where the fetal head is located.
  2. With a breech presentation, turning the baby head down stimulates swimming (after consulting a doctor!).

Step 3. Visit to an osteopath

After the 35th week, a doctor in a hospital setting can rotate the fetus (in transverse and oblique cases, less often in breech presentation). During the entire “operation,” the condition of the mother and child is monitored. The procedure has contraindications and a high risk of complications and injuries, so it is performed in extreme cases.

Step 4. Consolidate the result

Once the efforts have been crowned with success and the little “striker” has decided to take the correct position, it is important to help him “get a foothold.” To do this, purchase a prenatal one, wear it throughout the day and do a special exercise (consult a doctor!).

Sit on the floor, spread your knees to the sides and press them as close to the floor as possible. Press your feet together. Stay in this position for 10-15 minutes. You can do this several times a day.

What's happening: stretching of the ligaments and muscles of the pelvis, which promotes the insertion of the head into the pelvis.

Malposition of the fetus: truth and myths

...improper position of the fetus is a 100% indication for delivery through cesarean section

No! A caesarean section is recommended in 60-70% of cases of abnormal position of the fetus in the uterus. But most often the indication for it is not only a non-standard location, but also a number of related reasons. Natural childbirth with breech presentation is classified as pathological: its course and outcome are significantly complicated, which forces the issue to be decided in favor of a cesarean section. And in case of transverse or oblique position, facial presentation, surgical intervention is absolutely necessary.

...with breech presentation, they are most dangerous for boys.

Yes! When a boy is born from this position, there is a risk of injury to the scrotum, especially if the buttocks and legs are raised high. This can lead to infertility and other problems in the future. Another danger is direct thermal and painful irritation of the baby’s scrotum during a vaginal examination of the mother, moving through the birth canal, which provokes premature breathing of the baby. Therefore, a caesarean section is indicated.

...if you put headphones “with music” on your stomach, the baby will become interested and roll over.

No! In most cases, if the baby turned over, it means he was mature enough to prepare for childbirth and was able to physically perform this “trick”. And the music has nothing to do with it. If the baby is “unwilling” or unable to roll over, these methods will not work.

... negatively affects joints.

Yes! Possible underdevelopment of joints and congenital dislocation.

...pregnancy with breech presentation is more often accompanied by complications than with cephalic presentation.

Yes! About 3 times. Complications are often accompanied by hypoxia and delayed fetal development, an abnormal amount of amniotic fluid, and entanglement of the umbilical cord.

Are we giving birth?

The doctor chooses the tactics. Even if you had a dream to give birth" naturally at any cost,” and the verdict is “caesarean section,” you shouldn’t be upset. The main thing is that healthy baby. And in what way? One that is safe for both.

The location of the fetus in the mother’s tummy determines how the birth will proceed. If the baby has a normal position, then the woman can easily give birth on her own. If the baby is not located as intended by Mother Nature, then a cesarean section is necessary. The characteristics of the position include: presentation of the fetus, its position and type of position.

Let's try to figure out what these terms mean.

The fetus grows and develops in the uterus throughout pregnancy. From a tiny embryo, it gradually turns into a little person. In the first half of pregnancy, it can change its position quite often.

As labor approaches, the activity of the fetus decreases, since it is already very difficult to change position, because it is growing, and there is less and less free space in the uterus.

After about 32 weeks, you can already find out the presentation of the fetus, that is, determine which part of the baby’s body (head or buttocks) is located at the entrance to the pelvis. Sometimes doctors talk about what position the baby is in the tummy before 32 weeks.

Some pregnant women are given this information at 20-28 weeks of pregnancy. However, it should not be taken seriously early stages, because the baby can change a position he doesn’t like several times.

There are the following types of fetal presentation:

1. Pelvic (the pelvic end of the child lies at the entrance to the woman’s pelvis):

  • gluteal The fetus is located in the uterus with its head up. The legs are extended along the body. The feet are almost at the head;
  • foot presentation of the fetus. One or both of the baby’s legs may be located at the entrance to the pelvis;
  • mixed (gluteal-leg). The buttocks and legs are present at the entrance to the pelvis of a pregnant woman.

2. Head (the baby’s head lies at the entrance to the female pelvis):

  • occipital The back of the head, facing forward, is the first to emerge;
  • anterior parietal or anterior cephalic. The head is the first to be born during birth. At the same time, it passes through the birth canal several times large size than with an occipital presentation of the fetus;
  • frontal It is characteristic of this species that the forehead serves as the conducting point during expulsion;
  • facial. This presentation is characterized by the birth of the head with the back of the head backwards.

Types of breech presentation occur in 3-5% of pregnant women.

The most common is cephalic presentation (in 95-97% of pregnant women).

Fetal position: definition and types

Obstetricians-gynecologists call the relationship of the child's conditional line, running from the back of the head to the tailbone along the back, to the axis of the uterus - the position of the fetus. In the medical literature it is classified as follows:

  • longitudinal;
  • oblique;
  • transverse.

Pelvic or cephalic presentation of the fetus in a longitudinal position is characterized by the fact that the axes of the uterus and fetus coincide. With the oblique variety, the conventional lines intersect at an acute angle. If the doctor has established a pelvic or cephalic presentation of the fetus, a transverse position, this means that the axis of the uterus intersects the axis of the fetus at a right angle.

Together with presentation and position, obstetricians-gynecologists determine position type. This term refers to the relationship of the baby's back to the uterine wall. If the back is facing anteriorly, then this is called the anterior view of the position, and if it is posterior, it is called the posterior view (or posterior presentation of the fetus).

For example, a doctor may say that the baby is located in the uterus in an occipital presentation, a longitudinal position, front view positions. This means that the baby is in the uterus along its axis. The back of his head is adjacent to the entrance to the pelvis, and the back is turned to the front side of the uterus.

Anterior presentation of the fetus is most common. The second variety is less common. The posterior view of the position, as a rule, becomes the cause of protracted labor.

Incorrect presentation of the fetus: their features, birth options

The cephalic presentation of the occipital type is the most common and correct position in which babies are born. All other types of presentation are incorrect.

Childbirth at various types are considered pathological. During delivery, serious complications may occur (for example, hypoxia of the child, pinching and extension of his head, throwing back of his arms). Most often, childbirth is carried out by caesarean section, especially if the baby is male. However, natural childbirth is not excluded.

The specific option of delivery for mixed, leg, or breech presentation of the fetus is selected by the doctor depending on various factors.

Childbirth with an extensor presentation of the fetus (anteroparietal, frontal, facial) rarely occurs naturally. With the anterior parietal form, delivery tactics are expectant. C-section carried out when there is a threat to the health and life of the mother and baby.

Independent childbirth with a frontal cephalic presentation is undesirable, as rupture of the uterus and perineum, asphyxia and death of the child are possible.

With a facial presentation, the fetus can be born either by natural birth, and with the help of surgical intervention. The first option is chosen only if the female pelvis is of normal size, labor activity is active, and the size of the fetus is small.

Features of low presentation of the fetus

Very often, doctors diagnose pregnant women with: low presentation fetus, which implies premature lowering of the baby's head into the pelvis.

Normally, this process occurs closer to childbirth, 1-4 weeks before it. However, in some pregnant women, due to certain anatomical features, this may happen much earlier.

Low presentation can be determined by a doctor during examination by palpation of the uterus. The head is located quite low, and at the same time it is motionless or weakly movable.

The pregnant woman herself can feel the consequences of the baby’s head drooping - it will become easier for her to breathe, and heartburn will decrease.

The low position of the fetus poses a danger to it. The pregnancy may be terminated. To prevent this from happening, a woman must be much more attentive to herself. If a pregnant woman feels unwell due to the low position of the baby, then a specialist can recommend treatment methods and preventive measures.

Incorrect fetal positions: their features, birth options

Incorrect positions are those positions of the baby in the mother’s tummy in which the longitudinal axis of the uterus does not coincide with the longitudinal axis of the fetus. They occur in 0.5-0.7% of cases. This happens most often to women who are giving birth more than once.

Among the existing types of fetal position, there are two incorrect ones: oblique and transverse. The course of pregnancy is not characterized by any peculiarities. A woman may not even suspect that her baby is located in her tummy differently than nature predetermined.

Incorrect positions and presentations of the fetus can cause premature birth. If medical care is absent, serious complications will arise (early rupture of amniotic fluid, loss of fetal mobility, prolapse of an arm or leg, uterine rupture, death).

If a pregnant woman is found to have an oblique position of the fetus, she is placed on her side during childbirth in order to achieve a change in the baby’s position (it can change to longitudinal or transverse), but this does not always work. If the oblique position of the fetus remains in a pelvic or cephalic presentation, then delivery is carried out surgically.

Causes of incorrect placement of the baby in the uterus

Many experts believe that the child takes one or another position in the uterus due to the influence of a number of reasons. The main ones are the active movements of the child and the reflex activity of the uterus, which does not depend on human efforts and desires.

Other causes of purely breech, transverse presentation of the fetus and any other abnormal position:

  • multiple births;
  • abnormalities in the shape of the uterine cavity;
  • constitutional characteristics of a woman.

Diagnosis of the location of the fetus in the uterus

The question of how to determine the presentation of the fetus, its position and position is of interest to all pregnant women, because the course of labor depends on the location of the fetus in the uterus.

Several years ago, medical workers determined the location of the baby in the uterus through external examination. The diagnoses were not always correct. Now determining the location is not difficult, as this can be done using ultrasound. The method is very effective, informative and safe for expectant mother and fruit. With its help, you can very accurately and quickly determine presentation, position, and type of position.

How to independently determine fetal presentation?

How to independently determine fetal presentation, and is it possible? This question worries many representatives of the fair sex in position. This is mainly of interest to those who do not want to constantly run around for an ultrasound scan, because the child can change its position very often, especially if we are talking about a gestational age of less than 32 weeks.