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Test

subject: Stylistics

1. Determine which functional style the following texts belong to

Individual differences in people's memory are manifested both in the features of its processes, i.e. in how memorization and reproduction are carried out different people, and the features of memory content, i.e. in what is remembered. These twofold changes from different sides characterize the memory productivity of each person.

Answer: functional type of speech - scientific. The function of language implemented in the text is informative. The sphere of speech implementation is educational and scientific. The main form of speech is written. Type of speech - monologue. The nature of the relations between the communicants is official, indirect, distant, mass. Style dominants are accuracy, logic, abstract and generalized character.

In accordance with the instructions of the Main Directorate and your letter, the association completed the following work:

Organizational preparation was carried out to perform a set of calculations, including:

An order for unification was issued and the working group specialists;

A calculation methodology has been developed.

A set of economic efficiency calculations was performed.

In order to normalize the study load of students in educational institutions

I order:

Educational authorities of the subjects Russian Federation ensure that when developing curricula, compliance with subordinate educational institutions, implementing general education programs of primary general, basic general and secondary (complete) general education, requirements for the organization of the educational process in accordance with clause 2.9 of the Sanitary Rules and Standards (SanPin 2.4.2.-576-96), approved by the resolution of the State Committee for Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of Russia dated 10/31/96 No. 49.

Answer: functional type of speech - official business. The function of language implemented in the text is informative and stimulating. The sphere of speech implementation is official business. The main form of speech is written. Type of speech - monologue. The nature of the relationship between the communicants is official, indirect, indirectly contact. Style dominants are precision, not allowing for interpretation, standardization.

A unique anti-theft system was invented by a London left-hander. Not only is it superior in reliability to all hitherto known devices, but it also does its job absolutely silently and unnoticed. The patented device threatens to oust its noisy counterparts from the market, and then not only the owners of homeless cars, but also their neighbors will sleep peacefully at night.

The principle of operation of the super system is as follows: as soon as an uninvited guest gets behind the wheel, the windshield instantly becomes opaque - until the owner sends a coded signal to the device.

These children cannot be called simply child prodigies. They amaze with their hard work, determination, and perseverance.

So encyclopedists, apparently, will not transfer to Rus' in the near future. Dima Shchegolev, a student at the Lyceum-College of Applied Sciences, has four diplomas from different Olympiads; he is even a winner of the Soros Olympiad. But this is not the main thing, from his point of view, not diplomas - but the knowledge that stands behind them. I am convinced that every situation has its own way out. He doesn’t like reasoning “about anything” and meanness in people.

Answer: the functional type of speech is journalistic. The function of language implemented in the text is informative and influence function. The sphere of speech implementation is ideology, mass communication. The main form of speech is written. Type of speech - monologue. The nature of the relationship between the communicants is official, mass, indirect, indirect contact. Style dominants - a combination of expression and standard - social evaluation.

Horror gripped everyone in the house. The godfather with his mouth open turned into stone; his eyes bulged, as if they wanted to shoot; the open fingers remained motionless in the air. The tall brave man, in invincible fear, jumped up to the ceiling and hit his head on the crossbar; the boards leaned in, and Popovich flew to the ground with a thunder and crash.

Answer: the functional type of speech is artistic. The function of language implemented in the text is aesthetic, impactful. The sphere of speech implementation is verbal art. The main form of speech is written. Type of speech - monologue. The nature of the relations between the communicants is official, mass, indirect. Style dominants are expressiveness and imagery.

The fontanel was not large and not striking; it made its way from the inside of the pine pea without being impudent at all. In the summer it was completely overgrown with grass, sandy, and quietly flowed water onto the main road. In winter, the snow here was swept aside by the wind, only slightly covering it, as if for warmth, and it did not freeze. The water was so clear that it seemed like it didn’t exist.

2. Read the texts below. Indicate their style dominants. Name the linguistic means used in texts of different styles

Different words. Different heat. Different culture. Different grass in the morning on green grass.

We talked with Irina Antonova, director of the Museum of Fine Arts, about the beauty and ugliness of a city house, an entrance, how one and the other are formed and what results from this for people who live either in beauty or in ugliness. Broken light bulbs, painted and scratched elevators, prints of not only hands but shoes on the walls. Not yours. The forced separation of a person from his private property has resulted not only in bureaucracy and philistinism, which has been absorbed into our times, but also in vandalism. Who will grow up with vandalism? Next vandal.

Answer: style dominants - a combination of expression and standard, social evaluation (publicistic style). Linguistic means implemented in the text - rhetorical question, antithesis, gradation, evaluative vocabulary, comparison, synecdoche.

How strange the human soul is...

For hours, days, weeks we lived with news from the depths of the Barents Sea, shuddering from the understanding of the inevitability of death for some of our sailors, passionately hoping for the salvation of others and deeply compassionate for the relatives left on the shore. And today we again clung to the television screen - what is there on this tragic submarine?

But it's not a boat, it's a plane. It crashed and took many, many lives. Why weren’t we chained to the screen, and the screen, as if nothing had happened, entertained us, as on ordinary days, and, as usual, scared us with cinematic deaths? Why didn’t our soul stir with the same former strength? Is death easier in the sky than at the bottom of the sea? Did you immediately find out that there was no hope of saving the survivors? Didn’t you see, like then, faces who said goodbye to life? Or simply the soul, protecting itself, is no longer capable - after all, death after death! - accommodate other suffering?

I don’t know... Probably both. But there is one more thing, and it is very dangerous. Psychologists have a term: banalization. Narcologists say: you cannot endlessly show the horrors of drug addiction - then drug addiction becomes banal. It enters consciousness as something ordinary: gray rain outside the window, the whining of an abandoned dog, the shuffle of an old man’s steps on the asphalt. It’s scary to say, but death is becoming a banality for us...

Answer: style dominants - a combination of expression and standard, social evaluation (publicistic style). Means of expression - rhetorical question, rhetorical exclamation, evaluative vocabulary, expressive vocabulary, gradation, polyunion, comparison, neologism.

Becoming smaller and smaller, the pillars near the village disappeared, and then again appeared in the distance in the form of very small, thin sticks, similar to pencils. style text language dominant

His eyes accidentally opened again, and Yegorushka saw new danger: behind the cart were three huge giants with long peaks. They were people of enormous size, with covered faces, drooping heads and heavy gait. Yegorushka opened his eyes. Below, near the cart, stood Panteley, the Emelyan triangle and the giants. The latter were now much shorter in stature and, when Yegorushka looked at them, they turned out to be ordinary men, holding on their shoulders not lances, but iron pitchforks (A.P. Chekhov).

Answer: style dominants - expressiveness, imagery (artistic style). Means of expression - gradation, antithesis, hyperbole, litotes, comparison.

My aunt’s garden was famous for its neglect, nightingales, turtle doves and apples, and the house for its roof. He stood at the head of the courtyard right next to the garden, - the branches of the linden trees hugged him, - he was small and squat, but it seemed that he would not last a century - so thoroughly did he look from under his unusually high and thick thatched roof, blackened and hardened by time. Its front facade always seemed to me to be alive: as if an old face was looking out from under a huge hat with sockets of eyes - windows with mother-of-pearl glass from the rain and sun. And on the sides of these eyes there were porches - two old large porches with columns. Well-fed pigeons always sat on their pediment, while thousands of sparrows rained from roof to roof... And the guest felt comfortable in this nest under the turquoise autumn sky (I.A. Bunin).

Answer: style dominants - expressiveness, imagery (artistic style). Means of expression - metonymy, personification, epithet.

A. Hello!

B. Hello, Tan!

A. Why don’t you call, tomorrow is Thursday, remember?

B. I remember, I remember, of course. We'll talk tomorrow. I don’t know, because I got confused, that’s all.

A. Well, you’re a businesswoman, Galina.

B. What should I do? Now I can forget about Thursday, I’ve long forgotten about Sunday. But no, no, tomorrow at five we’ll meet where we usually do, and to Anna Timofeevna’s, that’s it, that’s it, bye, see you.

Answer: Style dominants are spontaneity, situationality. Means of expression - jargon, expressive vocabulary, anaphora, compositional junction.

Oh, this year my son... brought this one in the spring... He is a passionate fisherman, son, he was on this... not Ladoga, but Lake Peipus, he was fishing and from there he brought back, among the fish, a kitten, a small black kitten. He was fed from a pipette for the first days. And then, after taking a closer look at this kitten, I began to say that it was obviously a cross between a cat and a pike, the cat turned out to be so strange. Just fear. He attacked everyone who entered and tormented him.

Answer: style dominants - expressiveness, imagery. Means of expression - expressive vocabulary, comparison, silence, epiphora.

3. Select yourself several texts related to different functional styles of the literary language

They said that a new face had appeared on the embankment: a lady with a dog. Dmitry Dmitrich Gurov, who had lived in Yalta for two weeks and was used to it here, also became interested in the new faces. Sitting in the pavilion at Vernet's, he saw a young lady, short, blonde, wearing a beret, walk along the embankment: a white Spitz was running after her.

Answer: artistic speech

Family relationships are the fundamental basis of human development and socialization of the individual. The family is the first and main social institution into which a person finds himself. Everything that is inherent in family relationships predetermines relationships with other people, with the surrounding society. As a rule, the type of relationship formed in parental family, is modeled on his family.

Answer: scientific speech.

4. Perform a stylistic analysis of texts related to scientific speech, guided by the diagram below

Approximate scheme of functional-stylistic text analysis

1. Extralinguistic style-forming factors in relation to a given text (sphere of social consciousness reflected in the text: scientific, business, everyday; form and type of speech: written/oral, monologue/dialogue; method of communication of communicants: official/private, contact/distant, interpersonal /mass, direct/mediated).

2. The linguistic function that dominates in a given text (informative, influencing, stimulating, communicative, aesthetic).

3. Dominant stylistic features manifested in this text.

4. Linguistic means of their expression (lexical, morphological, syntactic).

5. Conclusion about whether the text belongs to a style, substyle, or genre.

1. The group of factors associated with the social conditioning of speech, its tasks and extralinguistic characteristics cannot be considered homogeneous - thus, extralinguistic characteristics in the field of written speech appear in the form of thinking properties (logicality, accuracy, coherence, consistency, economy, etc.) , characteristic both of business and official journalistic speech, and in the form of incomparable situational conditions for the flow of speech in the field of oral literary speech. This also includes the factor of taking into account the properties of the addressee - the addressee of speech. There is no need to consider them as distinctive features.

Stylistic analysis of the text.

2. Informative.

4. Lexical means of expressiveness: unambiguity of the word, stylistically neutral words (commonly used), terms, predominance of vocabulary of abstract meaning (logic, accuracy, coherence, etc.), absence of non-bookish vocabulary and emotionally-evaluatively colored vocabulary.

Morphological means of expressiveness: the predominance of nominal words over verbal ones, the widespread use of constructions with genitive case forms of the noun.

Syntactic means of expression: 1st sentence, grammatically complete narrative with direct word order, complex, strict structure of the text.

5. Scientific style; substyle - scientific and educational; genre - teaching aid.

Features of the adaptive potential of plants can be identified by considering representatives of different kingdoms. The most interesting seems to be a comparison of the two most highly organized higher taxonomic categories: the plant kingdom and the animal kingdom. The following main similarities can be identified:

* plants and animals have approximately equal adaptive capabilities - their habitats cover all natural zones, although the life expectancy of plants, as a rule, is longer than that of animals;

* the complexity of the organization of both plants and animals is quite high: both have 50 - 100 cell types and approximately the same number of tissue types; in organisms millions and billions of cells function in a coordinated manner;

* the integrity of the multicellular organization in both plants and animals is maintained through the interaction of individual cells, as well as the presence of integrating systems for transmitting information and exchanging resources (hormonal; vascular system for transferring substances; system of electrophysiological mechanisms for transmitting information).

The similarities are not limited to those listed. There is a lot in common in the biochemistry of plants and animals, the cell structures are similar, and there are many fundamentally similar features in the organization of the hereditary apparatus.

Stylistic analysis of the text.

1. Scientific speech; form of speech - written; type of speech - monologue; the nature of the communicants’ relationship is official, distant, mass, indirect.

2. Informative.

3. Accuracy, logic, abstract and generalized nature.

4. Lexical means of expression: terms, the use of general scientific vocabulary, the predominance of vocabulary of abstract meaning (integrity, complexity), the absence of non-bookish vocabulary and emotionally-evaluatively colored vocabulary.

Morphological means of expressiveness: the predominance of nominal words over verbal ones, the widespread use of constructions with genitive case forms of the noun, the predominance of verbs of the 3rd person imperfective form of the present tense, the use of relative adjectives.

Syntactic means of expression: strict structure of the text, introductory constructions.

5. Scientific style; substyle - educational and scientific; genre - article.

5. Select an excerpt of 3-4 pages of printed text in your specialty and indicate which features of the scientific style are reflected in it

In the system of Russian syntax, complex sentences of an undivided structure are distinguished by a number of specific features. Firstly, these are constructions that reveal in their structure some signs of a simple sentence and thus constitute a kind of transition zone from one syntactic unit to another. Secondly, this is an area of the syntax of a complex sentence, characterized by the heterogeneity of communication methods and means of their expression, and within each individual type (and in some cases within wider limits) these means are correlated with each other in a certain way, that is, they are connected by relationships opposition or interchange. The named properties not only quite clearly distinguish sentences of an undivided structure from the general mass of complex sentences, but also characterize them as a kind of internally organized unity.

Answer. Style dominants are accuracy, logic, abstract and generalized character; the nature of the communicants' relationship - official, indirect, distant; informative function of language; means of expression - terms, the use of general scientific vocabulary, the absence of non-bookish vocabulary and emotionally-evaluative vocabulary, the predominance of nominal words over verbal ones, strict structure of the text, complex sentences.

6. Read the abstract of the book by L.G. Pavlova “Dispute, discussion, controversy” and a review of it. Indicate how these texts differ. Find signs of scientific style in the texts of annotations and reviews

In the book by L.G. Pavlova’s “Dispute, Discussion, Controversy” tells in an accessible, popular form about the basic rules and principles of conducting a public dispute, various polemical techniques. The author gives tips and recommendations for improving polemical skills. The book is addressed to a wide range of readers, primarily high school students.

L.G. Pavlova. Dispute, discussion, controversy.

A book published by the Prosveshchenie publishing house by L.G. Pavlova’s “Dispute, Discussion, Polemic” is very timely. Teaching high school students polemical skills is an urgent task. Young people should be able to defend their beliefs with reason, prove the correctness or fallacy of a put forward point of view, and justify a certain understanding of new phenomena of reality. After all, the fate of our Fatherland will depend on the civic position of young people and their social activity.

In the book by L.G. Pavlova is given the basics of polemical skill. The author begins the presentation of the material with a definition of the very concept of “dispute”, clarification of its essence, description different types public discussion. The book contains interesting information from the history of the art of argument and introduces young readers to outstanding representatives of the theory and practice of public polemics from different times.

The book examines the basic requirements of the culture of dispute and the rules for conducting it. The author shows how to choose a subject of dispute and not lose it during the discussion, how to operate with concepts, how to answer questions, etc. A special chapter is devoted to the ability to listen, which is no less important than the ability to speak.

Much attention in the book is paid to the art of argumentation, which is necessary both to prove the truth of the propositions put forward and to refute the opponent’s point of view, exposing the opponent’s statements. The author gives examples of various polemical techniques and tricks, characterizes various logical and psychological arguments, analyzes logical errors in the course of proof and refutation.

The book is easy to read. Catchy chapter titles have subheadings that accurately reflect the content of the text that follows. Each chapter concludes with a “disputeist’s memo,” which briefly formulates the main conclusions and provides advice and recommendations to the participants in the dispute. The Polemicist's Dictionary contains interpretations of the basic terms of the art of argument.

The undoubted advantage of the book is the use of numerous examples from works of fiction by domestic and foreign authors. This allows you to clearly and convincingly present various situations in a dispute, broadens the horizons of students, and enhances the educational value of the book.

“Dispute, Discussion, Controversy” is a good guide for self-education. Book by L.G. Pavlova will be read with interest not only by high school students and teachers, but also by everyone who is concerned about the problems of communication, oratory, and polemical skills.

Answer: the review indicates the subject of analysis, summary work, a general assessment of the work is given. The annotation discusses in more detail the issues that the author presented in his book.

Signs of a scientific style are accuracy, logic, abstract and generalized nature; the nature of the communicants' relationship - official, indirect, distant; informative function of language; means of expression - terms, the use of general scientific vocabulary, the absence of non-bookish vocabulary and emotionally-evaluative vocabulary.

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Bookish or colloquial?

Styles are divided into book and colloquial.

The main features of the conversational style: brightness, colorfulness, capacity, the use of colloquial words, repetitions, interjections. This includes dialogues, conversations and private conversations.

Conversational – for daily communication. People share their thoughts and feelings in an informal setting.

Features of book styles

Book styles are journalistic, artistic, official business and scientific styles. The latter's task is to report the data and prove its truth. I have written a separate article about book style.

Scientific

Scientific style – for scientific articles, educational literature, dissertations, reports.

Terminology, professionalism and abstract vocabulary are actively used. Sentences with a predominance of nouns are precise and unambiguous. There are many generalizations, the assessment is objective.

Official business

Needed to inform people in an official setting. Used in orders, legislative acts, certificates.

The ability to write in any of these styles will give you an advantage when making money on the text exchange, the most common of which are Advego And Etxt.

Journalistic

Journalism is the favorite style of the media. Reports, interviews, features, essays, sketches are examples of journalistic style. Publications are addressed to the general public, not a limited circle.

Publications are distinguished by emotionality, consistency, the presence of the author's assessment and motivation to action.

Art

Literary style is necessary to influence the reader, convey the author’s feelings, thoughts, and experiences. Main use in fiction.

The main features: imagery, all lexical means of the language are used, emotionality of speech.

How to determine the style of text

To determine what style a publication belongs to, you need to carefully read the text and determine where it is used: in an informal setting, an excerpt from a literary work, instructions, memo, textbook, lecture or report. Is it possible to use it to speak at a meeting?

If doubts remain about the correctness of the choice, then it is necessary to determine the tasks: exchange of impressions, communication, communication of accurate data for application in practice, instructions, recommendations, communication of scientific information, explanation of the causes of phenomena.

Is such a text capable of influencing broad layers of people and forming the right attitude towards the problems of society?

Do you still have any doubts? Then we find out whether the text contains ease, freedom of choice of expressions, imagery, emotionality or accuracy, formality and the absence of any emotions.

Perhaps the publication is dispassionate, generalized, demonstrative, or topical, appealing and passionate?

Let's decide on the genre. This could be an anecdote, a diary entry, a note, an argument, a portrait, or an excerpt from a literary work. Or maybe a proverb, a riddle, a memoir, a biography, a statement, a review, an annotation.

Now let's determine the ownership of the text:

Write notes, sayings, proverbs, stories and conversations in a conversational style.
Resolutions, decrees, receipts are written in business style.
Journalism includes reports, essays, speeches, articles, feuilletons, leaflets.
Reviews, abstracts, reports, dictionaries, and textbooks are written in a scientific style.
Artistic style - stories, novels, ballads, poems.

Here's a video to help you:

It's funny, but researchers say that there is no clear adherence to one style: they are intertwined and mixed. Subscribe, read articles and share with friends. See you later.

The MS‑DOS operating system is a single-tasking environment, that is, a program working running MS‑DOS, seizes all computer resources and does not give them up for the operation of other programs until its operation is completed completed. However, in the MS‑DOS system there is a special class of programs called resident. These are usually small utility programs that, being running, work in the background unnoticed by the user. Such programs include, for example, keyboard Russification programs. They intercept keyboard interrupts and process them, as a result of which we are able to switch the keyboard for entering Russian and English letters. The mouse driver in MS‑DOS is also a resident program, working By highlighted for her interruptions. Several dozen times per second it seizes control from working program and “checks” whether the mouse has been moved or its button has been pressed. (Based on educational literature)

Exercise 10. Read the text. Analyze its morphological features: a) noun – abstract, concrete, real; gender, number, case; b) adjective – qualitative, relative, possessive; c) verb – mood, tense, number, person; d) participles and gerunds.

Molecular physics and thermodynamics are branches of physics that study macroscopic processes in bodies associated with the huge number of atoms and molecules contained in the bodies. To study these processes, two qualitatively different and mutually complementary methods are used: statistical (molecular-kinetic) and thermodynamic. The first is based on molecular physics, the second on thermodynamics. Molecular physics is a branch of physics that studies the structure and properties of matter, based on molecular kinetic concepts based on the fact that all bodies consist of molecules in continuous chaotic motion. The laws of behavior of a huge number of molecules, being statistical laws, are studied using the statistical method. Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that studies the general properties of macroscopic systems in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium and the processes of transition between these states. Thermodynamics does not consider the microprocesses that underlie these transformations. This is how the thermodynamic method differs from the statistical method.

Task 2. Tell us about the morphological features of the scientific style.

Exercise 11. Analyze the lexical and grammatical features of this text. Determine the style and substyle of the text. Give reasons for your choice.

Connecting to Bluetooth devices

Bluetooth is a short-range wireless communication technology that allows devices to exchange information within a radius of 8 meters. Among the most common Bluetooth devices. – includes headphones for talking and listening to music, headsets and other portable devices, including laptops.

There are several Bluetooth profiles that define the functions and communication standards for the corresponding devices. A list of profiles supported by your Tablet PC can be found in the user manual.

To connect to the device, you must turn on the Bluetooth module on your phone. If this is your first time connecting, you need to pair your devices to establish a secure connection between them. In the future they will connect automatically.

To extend battery life, turn off Bluetooth when not using this feature. In some places using Bluetooth. may be prohibited. Specifically, this feature is disabled when you enter Airplane mode.

Exercise 12. Read the text. Determine by what criteria it should be classified as a scientific style. Analyze the vocabulary, write down: a) terms; b) general scientific words. Identify the type of communication used in these sentences. Tell me which structures ensure consistency and coherence in the presentation of thoughts.

All components are important for writing and understanding a scientific text, but special attention deserves a title. The title (title) of a scientific text is a special information unit that reflects the theme of this work and corresponds to the content of the text. There are several types of headings: general title; a title specifying the issues of scientific theory and practice being developed by the author; names reflecting the peculiarities of the author’s formulation of the question. There are some guidelines to keep in mind when creating and styling headings.

The title should not reduce or expand the amount of information contained in the text. Section, chapter and paragraph headings must accurately reflect the content of the text relating to them. The title should not include redundant words; general concepts that are not directly related to the text; highly specialized and unique (A.A. Reformatsky) terms; abbreviations and symbols; chemical, physical and technical formulas. In addition, hyphenation is not allowed in headings. There is no period at the end of the title. (Based on materials from educational literature).

Exercise 13. Read the headings. Determine what texts they call: scientific, popular science, educational and scientific, etc. Give reasons for your answer.

“Photosynthesis”, “Theory of rational expectations”, “Minerals”, “Development of domestic metallurgy”, “Complex sentence”, “Bridge to science”, “Thermal expansion of solids”, “Ecos means “home””, “On the issue of formation “linguistic competence”, “Strength”, “Scientist and his school”, “Newton’s Third Law”.

Exercise 14. Read the text. Determine the topic of the text, give the text a title. Determine which style it belongs to, argue your point of view. Retell the text.

One and important signs(qualities, properties) of a scientific text is considered to be logic. In accordance with this feature, all parts of a scientific text must be strictly interconnected thematically and in meaning; they must be combined sequentially, conclusions must follow from the facts presented in the text. From a linguistic point of view, this is accomplished by typical means. One of the most common ways to connect sentences is to connect adjacent sentences using repeated nouns (lexical repetition).

Cause-and-effect and conditional-effect relationships between parts of a sentence or between sentences within a paragraph are described using constructions: due to the fact that (this), due to the fact that, as a result, as a result of which, therefore, in connection with which, since, in such a way case, therefore under. If it is necessary to compare or contrast certain information blocks, it is recommended to do this using the following means: on one (other) side; on the contrary, on the contrary, but, although, however, and; not only, but also: also; Contrary to what has been said, others. Generalization and conclusion are formulated using the following introductory constructions: so, therefore, thus, in a word, generally speaking, it follows from this... The sequence is indicated by introductory words first, first of all, then, further; firstly, secondly, finally, etc. Explanations, illustrations, clarifications, and highlighting of a particular case are carried out by introducing constructions into the text: for example, so, for example, only, only, especially, in particular, and. To introduce general information, the following constructions are used, for example: consider the following cases, give an example, consider, compare.

Exercise 15. Read the text. Prove that it belongs to the scientific style of speech. Analyze the grammar, write down: a) verbal nouns ending in ie/-nie; b) verbs in personal form, determine their type and tense; c) participles and gerunds. Determine what tools are used by writers to combine these sentences into a single text.

Keywords

One of the most relevant ways to present a scientific text is keywords - KS. The increasing information flow makes it necessary... to find the most optimal means to facilitate access to important information, encoded in this text.

It is known that the main meanings of the text are contained in certain words, phrases, and constructions. Words that define the content of the text and are carriers of its main meaning are called key. Keywords are the most significant and essential lexical units necessary for understanding the content of the text and isolating basic information. They are the ones that are of greatest importance for the embodiment of the author’s thoughts; they are the basis for drawing up the outline of the text and defining micro-topics. In terms of organizing search engines, keywords are also very important, since these few basic lexical units are the semantic milestones with the help of which the search engine understands what is being said in the material being searched for. It accepts the query according to which the article should be displayed as a search result.

How to determine which words are key? There are certain signs of keywords.

1) frequency, repetition in this text;

2) semantic proximity to the topic of the text (these can be synonyms, generic constructions, words, phrases);

3) information richness (words that convey maximum information in a minimum space; in other words, these are, first of all, terms).

Scientific text is very difficult to understand. Typically, a scientific text is designed for the perception of a trained person. For an accurate and correct understanding of the text, the actions of many components are necessary, one of which is the following process: the text is folded into a kind of “cocoon” and stored in the long-term memory of a person who perceives the text as a set of keywords. Let us add that, depending on the volume of the perceived text, the list of keywords and phrases can be 5-10 units.

(based on the article: Moskvitina T.N. Key words and their functions in a scientific text. Bulletin of ChSPU. Philology and art history // 2009, pp. 277 - 285.)

Exercise 16. Determine what functional-semantic type of speech (description, narration, reasoning) this text belongs to, provide evidence. Find the keywords in the text. Determine the style of the text, justify your point of view.

The set of squares consists of quadrilaterals that have the following properties: all sides of each of these quadrilaterals are equal to each other and at least one of the angles of such a quadrilateral is right. The set of spheres consists of closed surfaces, each of which has the following property: all points on this surface are at the same distance from one point, called the center of the sphere. The definition of the infinite sets given above in the form of examples (the set of even numbers, the set of squares, the set of spheres) essentially came down to isolating them from other, more general sets (the set of integers, the set of quadrilaterals, the set of surfaces). This selection of some sets from other, more general ones, was carried out on the basis of the following criterion: the elements of the selected set had to have some specific properties (divisible by 2, have equal sides and a right angle, etc.), which not all elements of the more general one possess multitudes. (According to L.I. Babushkin)

subject."Write them down and perform a morphological analysis of the two words.
In the remote streets and nooks of the city, a very strange carriage rattled, causing confusion about its name. It did not look like a tarantass, nor a carriage, nor a britzka, but rather looked like a thick-cheeked, convex watermelon placed on wheels. The cheeks of this watermelon, that is, the doors, which bore traces of yellow paint, closed very poorly due to the poor condition of the handles and locks, somehow tied together with ropes. The watermelon was filled with chintz pillows in the form of pouches, bolsters and just pillows, stuffed with bags of bread, rolls and custard pretzels test.

descriptive text, artistic style
In remote streets-pred. and nooks and crannies cities rattled a very strange-recognized object. crew-object, causing bewilderment-object. about its name-object. It did not look like a tarantass-object, or a carriage-object, or a britzka-object, but rather looked like a thick-cheeked sign of an object. convex-recognized.pr. watermelon-pred., placed on wheels-item. Cheeks-item. this watermelon-object, that is, the door-object, worn-recognized. traces-objects yellow-recognized the paints were cured very poorly for a reason. poor condition - item pen-item and locks-objects, somehow connected-recognized. ropes-item.Watermelon-item. was filled with calico prizes. pillows in the form of an object pouches-objects, rollers-objects and just pillow items, stuffed with bags of items. with bread-objects, rolls-objects. and pretzels from custard-priz. test item
from choux pastry:
custard - adj. n.f.-custard relative., full unit. R.p. dough (what kind)-custard-definition(~~~)
dough-noun n.f.-dough narit. inanimate s.r. 2skol. units R.p. from (what)-test-additional(----)

3.2. Orthoepic and accentological norms

3.3. Morphological norms

1. Determine the gender of nouns and agree adjectives with them:

2. Select the desired form from the data in brackets and write down the resulting phrases:

3. Put proper names in the required form:

4. Open the brackets, determine the gender of adjectives, nouns and verbs (in the past tense) related to proper names:

5. Write down words that are undesirable for use in cases of official communication:

6. A) Put the nouns in the nominative plural form:

7. Select the desired ending for the genitive case:

Gender of nouns

Noun endings in the nominative plural form

Genitive plural endings for nouns

1. Replace numerals written in numbers with the words:

2. Indicate the numbers of the correct options:

Declension of numerals

1. Analyze the use of personal pronouns in A.P.’s comic miniature. Chekhov "You and You". What makes the narrator's speech unclear and unintelligible?

2. Open the brackets and select the desired form of the pronoun. In which constructions is it permissible to use both possessive pronouns? what does this have to do with?

1. What violations of norms associated with the use of comparative forms of adjectives are committed in these sentences? Correct:

1. Open the brackets, make up and write down phrases with these homogeneous members:

2. Open the brackets, make up and write down phrases with these words:

3. Complete the sentences using the words from brackets in the correct form. Use prepositions where necessary:

4. Agree the predicate with the subject, add the endings:

5. Choose the correct form of subject and predicate coordination in the following sentences:

6. Give a stylistic assessment of the coordination of the main parts of the sentence in the examples given. If necessary, correct speech errors:

7. Edit these sentences, eliminating the string of cases that complicate understanding:

8. Eliminate errors in the use of participial phrases:

9. Correct errors in the construction of phrases and sentences:

3.5. Lexical norms

A) Word meaning and lexical compatibility

1. Comment and correct errors associated with inaccurate understanding of the meaning of the highlighted words:

2. Identify and correct errors associated with inaccurate word choice:

3. Comment on cases of violation of lexical compatibility of words and correct the sentences:

4. Indicate cases of violation of word compatibility. Explain what they are. Correct the sentences:

B) Polysemy and homonymy

1. Find homonyms in the following sentences. By replacing homonyms with synonyms (synonymous combinations), eliminate the double meaning of the statements:

2. Explain why the highlighted words are used poorly. Correct errors in word usage:

B) Pleonasm and tautology

1. Determine which of the given pleonastic phrases are fixed in the language and which ones contradict the linguistic norm:

3. Find cases of tautology and correct the phrases:

4. Eliminate speech redundancy and tautology:

D) Paronyms

1. Explain the difference in the meaning of phrases (see Appendix):

2. Select suitable synonyms from brackets for these paronyms:

3. Select the correct word from the data in brackets:

4. Determine the meaning of paronyms, make up phrases with them:

D) Synonyms

2. Make up phrases of adjectives and verbs with nouns enclosed in brackets:

3. Select the correct word from those in brackets:

4. Correct the errors in the sentences below by replacing incorrectly used words with words that are close in meaning:

5. Find and correct errors in the sentences below related to the incorrect use of synonyms:

E) Antonyms

1. Match the following words with pairs with opposite meanings:

2. Eliminate errors associated with the unmotivated use of words of opposite meaning:

Topic 4. Communicative aspect of speech culture

1. Indicate speech errors in newspaper texts that arose as a result of the unjustified use of borrowed words. Correct the sentences:

2. Choose synonyms for the borrowed words. Identify cases of “displacement” of an original word by a borrowed one:

3. Make up phrases or sentences with these words of foreign language origin:

4. Compile a dictionary of foreign words (borrowings), including the most significant words in your opinion (10–12 words).

5. Find examples of metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche in the sentences:

6. What figurative and expressive means are used in the examples below?

Topic 5. Culture of scientific speech

Logical text diagram

2. Make a logical diagram of the text: Factors causing climate change

3. Prove that this text belongs to the scientific style:

I. Scheme for constructing the introductory part of a scientific work (coursework and diploma work, problem article, etc.):

II. Scheme for constructing the final part of a scientific work:

Scientific text analysis sample

10. What type of text (abstract, abstract, review) corresponds to the following phrases:

11. Highlight typical parts of an annotation:

12. Divide the abstract into parts, find the keywords:

13. Edit the annotation text:

The birth of the Universe from “nothing”

15. Emphasize the typical figures of speech for the abstract text. Correct speech errors:

22. Write a simple informational abstract for the text, taking into account the structure of the text, its main provisions, the author’s arguments and conclusions: E. Gorodetsky How many states does a substance have?

Abstract

Review

I. Factors influencing climate

1. Does the statement below meet the requirements for the details, language and style of official documents? Edit the text of the statement:

6. Write a resume, assuming that you are applying for one of the positions: a) ecologist at an industrial enterprise; b) laboratory chemist; c) a biology (ecology, chemistry) teacher at school.

7. Using the content of the text, write another in the form of an official autobiography:

Topic 7. Basics of public speaking skills

7.1. Types of public speaking

1. Which statements are correct?

2. Do the following belong to public speaking (if so, what type according to purpose):

3. Determine what form of public speaking is used (report, message, speech, lecture, conversation):

4. Your opinion: why do our politicians speak so poorly?

7.2. Basic requirements for public speaking

1. Which statements are correct?

3. Dialogize the statements below: introduce elements of dialogue into them, turn part of the statement into a question for the audience, replace book phrases and words with colloquial ones, etc.

5. Your opinion: who achieves more in life - those who master the art of speaking or writing?

7.3. Working on the speech form of the speech

1. Which statements are correct?

2. Replace with a synonym:

3. Give a simple, accessible definition to the following words and make sentences with them:

4. Suggest different ways to express the ideas below in words:

5. Replace common names with specific words that evoke images:

6. Specify (expand) the phrase:

8. Convert the words and expressions below into conversational style units:

9. Convert expressions into colloquial ones; Where possible, replace nouns with verbs:

10. Simplify the phrase syntactically and lexically, breaking it into several sentences and thus preparing it for listening comprehension:

I. Our surgeons will be able to cut without bleeding

II. Aerospace companies are preparing to open space to tourism

III. You have intelligence, you don’t need strength

Outline of a persuasive speech “Does a person need to explore space?”

I. Introduction

II. Main part

III. Conclusion

Sample persuasive speech “should we protect nature?”

Topic 8. Ethical and social aspect of speech culture

1. The national specifics of Russian etiquette are reflected in proverbs and sayings. Get to know some of them and formulate the rules of communication recommended by proverbs and sayings:

3. What expressions will you use to a) encourage the interlocutor to shut up; b) express sympathy in the following situations:

4. Breakup formulas:

5. The beginning of the conversation is determined by the situation:

5.1. Ceremonial (holidays, anniversaries, receiving awards, invitations, etc.):

5.3. In a difficult, sorrowful or unpleasant situation, people need sympathy and consolation:

6. Expression of gratitude:

7. Note, warning:

9. Consent, permission:

10. Disclaimer:

98309 Kerch, st. Ordzhonikidze, 82

3. Prove that this text belongs to the scientific style:

Vinpocetine.

Chemical name: ethyl-(Zalfa, 16alpha)-eburnamenine-14-carboxylate.

Compound: One tablet contains Vinpocetine 5 mg and excipients (milk sugar, potato starch, talc, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, medical gelatin).

Pharmacological properties: Has a vasodilator, antihypoxic and antiaggregation effect. Inhibits phosphodiesterase and increases the content of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in cells, which, in turn, leads to a decrease in calcium content in the cytoplasm of smooth muscle cells and relaxation of myofibrils. Combines vascular and metabolic effects. Dilates brain vessels, increases blood flow, mainly in ischemic areas, improves oxygen supply to the brain. Promotes glucose utilization and increases the level of catecholamines in the central nervous system, stimulates the metabolism of norepinephrine and serotonin in brain tissue. Reduces platelet aggregation, blood viscosity, increases the deformability of erythrocytes and normalizes venous outflow while reducing cerebral vascular resistance. Systemic blood pressure decreases slightly. Effective in the acute period of stroke: accelerates regression of general cerebral and focal neurological symptoms, improves memory, attention, and intellectual productivity. In old and senile age, the sensitivity of cerebral vessels to the relaxing effect of vinpocetine increases, which is due to the sensitization of the adenylate cyclase system of cyclic adenosine monophosphate during aging. Rapidly absorbed from gastrointestinal tract, bioavailability is about 60%. The maximum concentration in blood plasma is reached after 1 hour. The lungs diffuse through histohematic barriers (including the blood-brain barrier) and penetrate into tissues. The half-life is about 5 hours.

(Instructions for use of the drug Vinpocetine)

4. Compare how the descriptions of the lynx differ in a scientific (reference) publication and in a work of fiction. Note the linguistic differences between the two passages and indicate the features characteristic of the scientific style:

A. LYNX(Felis (Lynx) linx), a mammal of the cat genus. Dl. body 82-109 cm, tail 20-24 cm, usually weighs 8-19 kg (as an exception - up to 32 kg). The legs are strong, relatively long, the paws are very wide. There are long tufts on the ears and sideburns. The color is different: plain (fawn, red) or spotted. R. is widespread in Europe, Northern, Middle. and partly Western Asia, Northern. America. It lives in vast dense forests, both on the plains and in the mountains; sometimes enters the forest-steppe. Eats premium. Hares, mouse-like rodents and birds; sometimes attacks ungulates (roe deer, musk deer, etc.). Preim hunts. at night. Good at climbing trees. When there is an abundance of food, he lives sedentary; when there is a lack of it, he wanders. Rutting in February - March. Pregnancy 9-10 weeks. There are usually 2-3 cubs in a litter. The number of R. fluctuates in different years depending on the amount of food, the commercial value is low (fur is used). R. in some places causes some harm to hunting, exterminating game animals (Great Soviet Encyclopedia).

B. The cat's eyes were golden-green, wise and ancient. These were glowing eyes. Sometimes a sapphire light flickered in them, sometimes they glowed like two small moons greened by time, sometimes they were beryl with a warm heat in the depths, like coals storing fire. He got such eyes from those past animals, from the very essence of nature, which for billions of years, drop by drop, piece by piece, created vision - the ability to survey and comprehend oneself in spite of chaos and darkness. Nature, like a woman, loves to look in the mirror, and perhaps the lynx’s eyes were her perfection in a series of perfections, created in order not only to see, but to hear everything that is beautiful and opposed, opposite to it. Perhaps the cat saw the sky as no one else sees it, and even man is powerless with all his telescopes. The sky glowed above him with countless colors. On black, moonless nights the cat loved to look at the sky. The Milky Way was his forest road, the stars guided him as he hunted, played, looked for a cat, or simply wandered, enjoying the sounds and smells of silence, as only animals can enjoy and very few now, special people. Yes, the cat could only think within the limits of the experience open to him, but he, of course, thought, otherwise why would his large ears with tassels of sensitive hair-antennas at the very tips move and half-alert. The brushes allowed him to hear everything: the inaudible squeak of bats, their flickering flight, like a dance of spirits, the movement-rustling of moles in the depths of the earth, the grinding of teeth of invisible shrews, the running of mice, the flight of owls. The cat’s ears told him how hares frolic in the clearings near the swamp, how a fox sneaks towards them through the bushes of the edges, how a large capercaillie mutters in his sleep - the last adult capercaillie in the area (N. Nikonov).

Sample:

A. Text of the article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia "Belukha" (scientific style):

BELUHA, beluga, mammal of the family. dolphins of the suborder of toothed whales. Dl. bodies up to 6 m, weighs up to 1.5 tons. The color of adult B. is white (hence the name). It is distributed circumpolarly, inhabits the Arctic seas, and is also found among ice. The skin has a thick (up to 2 cm) layer of loose epidermis. It feeds on fish, crustaceans and mollusks. In pursuit of fish, he often enters large rivers...; along the Amur it sometimes rises upstream 2000 km or more. Lives in herds. Makes regular seasonal migrations. Females give birth to one young per day. 140-160 cm. The color of B. changes sharply with age: newborns are slate-blue, then B. become gray, light gray (blue), only adult B. are white. Object of fishing - skin and fat are used.

Analysis:

The text of scientific information content and purpose provides the most necessary information about belugas: their place in zoological taxonomy is determined; Data on appearance, age characteristics, lifestyle and economic importance are reported. This description is dominated by terminology and vocabulary of a specific descriptive nature: length, skin, layer, baby, newborn, mollusks, fat, coloring; weighs, feeds, inhabits; white, slate blue, light gray, blue. All words are used in their literal meaning, adjectives perform an informative function, i.e. They only indicate a sign, a property of an object. Syntax The text is typical for the “encyclopedic” genre: simple and complex sentences (with enumerative intonation between their parts) predominate, as well as incomplete sentences, mostly without a subject, which is easily restored from the first (noun) sentence: Distributed circumpolarly; Eats fish. Both syntax and vocabulary of a nominative nature (i.e., the use of vocabulary in direct, nominative meanings in order to name, designate an object, action, concept, their characteristics, properties) create an atmosphere of objectivity of scientific presentation. This corresponds to the goals and objectives of the encyclopedia as a special genre of scientific style: to provide accurate information, a strictly scientific description, explanation and interpretation of concepts, phenomena, events, etc.

B. Excerpt from the story “Belukha” by Y. Kazakov (language of fiction):

In these short moments, eagerly looking at them, managing to grasp some details in their movement, in their expression, I was struck by some kind of otherworldliness, their ugly beauty... They seemed primitively blind, like some pale underground worm, because that their eyes were shifted back and to the sides, and in front there was only this deathly, expressionless, blunt forehead. There was still something of the newt in them. When they came out one by one and at once, stood up, as the Pomors say, from the water to take a breath of air and again plunged into the green abyss - then in their curved sharp ridges at the moment of immersion it seemed to me something from a salamander, from those amphibians that lived alone once upon a land flooded with water. But they were also beautiful. With smooth, satin-like, elastic skin, impetuous, as if even lazy in their power and speed... But when I saw the beluga whales, I suddenly cooled down and put down the rifle.

Analysis:

In this text artistic style The author’s task is to talk about his impressions of these beautiful, powerful animals, to convey his vision of nature, a sublime, deeply human attitude towards it. Author's use vocabulary due to his general focus on creating figurative speech. In the general ensemble of expressive means, 1. epithets stand out - rare, but capacious descriptive adjectives: deathly forehead, elastic leather, swift; 2. oxymoron - a combination of logically incompatible concepts: I was amazed by them ugly beauty as if even lazy in its power and speed. Expressive (especially against the background of the first text) and syntax, conveying the dynamics of the author’s thoughts and emotional state. In the syntax of this fragment, among the specific features, it should be noted 1. inversion - a violation of the usual arrangement of words: I was amazed..., their eyes; 2. gradation - such an arrangement of words in which each subsequent word strengthens the previous one: this deathly, expressionless, stupid forehead; 3. the form of presentation “in the first person”, which helps to create an atmosphere of relaxed conversation, makes it possible to include elements of “colloquialism” in the narrative, to make syntactic structures more flexible and expressive.

5. Analyze the text of a scientific article. Determine its lexical, phraseological and grammatical features, manner of presentation, structure of speech. Rework the text so that it acquires the quality of a newspaper article:

Displacing oil with foam

In increasing oil recovery from heterogeneous formations saturated with highly viscous oil, the use of foams as a displacing agent is promising. The study of foam formation in free volume showed that this process is complex, as it depends on many factors. The process of moving foam in a porous medium, where it is in contact with rock, oil, formation water, and is exposed to pressure, temperature, etc., is even more complex.

Foam is a good displacing agent, since its apparent viscosity is many times greater than that of water. This increases the efficiency of foam displacing oil compared to water. To prepare foam, 0.2 to 1% (of the weight of the liquid) of foaming surfactants is consumed, while other methods of increasing the viscosity of water, for example, adding starch, require significant quantities of the necessary materials.

The presence of surfactants in foam improves its oil-removing properties. Since foam bubbles contact the rock only at certain points, the adsorption of surfactants by the rock is less active.

A particularly interesting and important property of foam is the change in its apparent viscosity depending on the diameter of the capillary. This means that the pressure gradients required to move foam will be greater for high-permeability layers of the formation and smaller for low-permeability zones. This feature of foams ensures more uniform displacement of oil from heterogeneous formations.

Experiments have established that the viscosity of the foam is almost directly proportional to the diameter of the steam channel. This is explained by the fact that individual foam bubbles occupy almost the entire cross-section of the steam channel and move like a plastic solid. With such a movement, resistance arises only from friction of the outer surface and, therefore, depends on the diameter of the latter.

The process of displacing oil with foam can be represented as follows. When foam is pumped into a porous medium, its bubbles first pass into the largest vapor channels, for which the input resistance is minimal. As large pores are filled with foam bubbles, the pressure required to push it further through the formation quickly increases, since the foam has an increased viscosity in large channels. An increase in pressure leads to the fact that the foam begins to enter into ever smaller pores and gradually the entire cross-section of the formation is filled with it.

When a foam rim forms around the bottom of the well, it is pushed further into the formation by injecting gas. As experiments have shown, it is more advisable to move a foam rim across the layer with gas rather than water, since the latter seems to seep through the foam layer without moving it.

When foam moves, two opposite processes occur - the destruction and enlargement of bubbles due to coalescence and adsorption of the foam-forming substance by the rock and the pressure of the bubbles during the passage or narrowing of steam channels. The balance of these various processes and the longest life and movement of the foam are achieved with foams of average stability. Excessively stable foams formed by highly active foaming agents quickly clog the porous media and the movement of the foam slug stops. Unstable foams are also ineffective because they break down quickly.

When foam is injected, the displacement sweep factor of the formation increases due to an increase in filtration resistance in highly permeable zones of the formation, where the foam first penetrates. Studies have shown that when oil is displaced by foam formed by gas in sodium sulfonate solutions, filtration resistance increases several times. In this case, the degree of reduction in water permeability after pumping foam significantly depends on the properties of the oil and the absolute permeability of the porous medium. These studies also found that foam based on the tested surfactants was unstable in the presence of oil.

6. Analyze the nature of syntactic and lexical corrections in examples of editing a scientific text; explain the reasons for the stylistic corrections. Based on a comparison of options, draw conclusions about the features of the syntactic structure of scientific speech:

7. Analyze an excerpt from a student’s course work devoted to the problem of the connection between title and text. Does the language of the essay comply with the norms of scientific style? Based on the analysis, edit the text:

The headline, being an integral part of newspaper publications, determines the face of the entire newspaper. When faced with a particular periodical, the reader receives the first information about it from the headlines. Using the example of the newspaper “Sport Express” for April - May 1994, I will consider the connection: headline - text, because, as they say in popular wisdom, “you are greeted by your clothes, and seen off by your mind.” But even with beautiful clothes (headlines) and the greatest mind (the materials themselves), the stylistic concept of the newspaper will not be complete if there is no thoughtful and logical connection between the content and the headline. So, trying to choose the most thoughtful titles, I will try to follow the principle by which the connection between the content and the title of the most popular sports newspaper in Russia, “Sport Express,” is built. And besides, I will dwell on the classification of headlines according to the type of their connections with the newspaper text in general.

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3. Prove that this text belongs to the scientific style:

Unedited version	Edited version
I. 1. The fact that isomeric ditetraalkybenzenes have different molecular refractions does not agree with the ideas of this scientist.	I. 1. The difference in the molecular refractions of isomeric di- and tetraalkybenzenes does not agree with the ideas of this scientist.
2. From the table it is clear that in 37 out of 49 cases the formation of compounds of the M2O3 type was recorded.	2. According to table. 1, in 37 out of 49 cases the formation of compounds of the M2O3 type was established.
3. When we systematize chemical substances, then the chemical approach will be completely legitimate, but when we systematize structural types, then the chemical principle should be completely abandoned.	3. When systematizing chemical substances, the chemical approach is completely legitimate, but when systematizing structural types, the chemical principle should be completely abandoned.
4. It is impossible not to take into account the fact that conducting research on virgin fauna is also necessary in order to preserve accurate data on the animal population of these natural landscapes for future generations.	4. Conducting research on virgin fauna is also necessary in order to preserve accurate data on the animal population of these natural landscapes for future generations.
5. The dorsal cover is preserved, expanded in the anterior part so that the pterygoid processes only slightly cover the lateral parts of the head.	5. The dorsal operculum is preserved, the pterygoid processes of which only slightly cover the lateral parts of the head.
6. It is very interesting that the EO values tend to high values as the EO of the addend (halogen, oxygen) decreases.	6. It is very interesting that as the EO of the addend (halogen, oxygen) decreases, the EO values of metals tend to high values.
7. The stripes are moving closer to each other.	7. The stripes are moving closer together.
8. A number of expeditions were planned.	8. A number of expeditions were planned.
9. Crystalline hydrates of uranyl nitrate are a unique group of compounds.	9. Crystalline hydrates of uranyl nitrate represent a unique group of compounds.
10. Three years ago the first conference took place.	10. Three years ago the first conference took place.
II. 1. This discovery belongs to one of the remarkable Russian zoologists of the century before last.	II. 1. This discovery belongs to a remarkable Russian zoologist of the 19th century.
2. The whole question of excretion is presented in a new way.	2. The question of excretion is presented in a new way.
3. The curves shown in the figure show that the process occurs intermittently.	3. The curves in the figure show an intermittent process.
4. The results obtained in the analysis are shown in the table.	4. The results obtained are shown in the table.
5. Looking at the curves showing seasonal fluctuations in the average weight of birds, one can see that they have an individual character.	5. Curves showing seasonal fluctuations in the average weight of birds have an individual character.
6. Individual orbits of both oxygen and rhenium can enter into mutual combinations.	6. Individual orbits of oxygen and rhenium can enter into mutual combinations.
7. The largest number of reports, namely 75, were devoted to biological control.	7. The largest number of reports (75) were devoted to biological control.
8. As observations have shown, thanks to aerial pollination, good results were obtained.	8. Thanks to aerial pollination, good results were obtained.
9. A true cell can be a monoclinic cell.	9. A monoclinic cell may be true.
10. The figure shows the dependence of the coefficient on the ion radius. This dependence reveals some regularities.	10. The figure shows the dependence of the coefficient on the ion radius, in which some regularities are revealed.
11. Representatives of this complex are widespread in the coastal waters of the North Atlantic.	11. Representatives of this complex are distributed in the coastal waters of the North Atlantic.